28 Sept 2007

Today:

• Took notes on Sawin's article - useful basis for comparative study
• Found out expensive IEA publications are available through OECD publications site :)
• Picked up Mallon's Renewable Energy Policy and Politics book from library
• Library is ordering other ILL request book
• Left office early, but will read 5-page Energy Policy article on RE policies in EU and parts of Mallon book

Next up:

• Look for examples of direct public investment in RE
• Need to do comparison of implementing RE through public investment versus current menu of regulations/incentives

Idea for Comparative Study

Make list of hindrances to investment in and production of renewable energy, and discuss how public investment in RE infrastructure, operation, and maintenance would address these issues.

26 Sept 2007

Today (a slow day...):

• Finished reading the U.S. EIA report comparing RE policies in U.S. to Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Japan. Highlights need for ongoing and consistent government support, especially through attractive financial incentives. Notes Denmark's success in getting lots of constituencies on board through promoting community-scale wind turbines and subsidized replacement of older, louder turbines. Written in 2004, but would need to do some updating to use this information.
• Read through p20 of Sawin's National Policy Instruments 2004 paper. Very well-written and content-ful discussion of RE promotion instruments. Clearly in favor of feed-in laws (what she calls pricing measures) over quota measures, though notes that there is still limited experience with latter. Also in favor of rebates and payments over investment or production tax credits, since, among other reasons, they do not favor those with higher incomes (and therefore higher tax burdens).
• Found out that IEA Energy Policies 2006 book is not available through interlibrary loan. :(

Next up:

• Finish Sawin's paper
• Read Energy Policy 2006 article on RE Policies in Europe
• Look at REN21 document again to see what other countries to research
• Look through other saved papers to see what might be useful (possibly paper on China - don't forget to look at non-European countries' energy promotion policies)
• Pick up held book from library

Sawin 2004 National Policy Instruments

On hard drive.

• Paper discusses pros and cons of various policies used to encourage RE implementation.
• 27 Summary of recommendations:
• Favors pricing systems (feed-in laws) over quota systems as incentive to invest in renewable energy. Pros and cons on 16-17.
• Provide net metering for small scale renewables so individuals/businesses can get money for surplus electricity fed into grid
• Favors production payments rather than tax credits as incentive to provide renewable energy (tax credits can lead to investment in subpar infrastructure without subsequent power generation)
• Long-term, low interest loans as incentive to investment
• Favors investment rebates over tax credits (equal benefits to everyone, even those with low existing tax burdens)
• Favors rebates per unit of capacity over rebate on total cost, as way to encourage most efficient/least cost options
• Tie investment incentives to technology or production standards, to prevent RE investment being used as tax shelter
• Subsidies should phase out over time, to encourage technological development and cost reduction
• Recommends central global clearinghouse for information on RE: resource availability, capacity and generation statistics, government incentives, policy successes and failures
• National training programs in vocational schools, universities
• Public ownership of facilities and participation in policy formation and siting decisions to increase buy-in
• Standards for technology performance, safety, siting
• Standards for grid connection to eliminate onerous utility interconnection requirements and charges
• Create or strengthen building codes to promote EE and RE
• Internalize external costs of fossil fuels and external benefits of RE into prices through taxes and subsidy shifting
• Government procurement of RE to advance tech, decrease costs, increase awareness
• Most of all, policies must be predictable, long-term, and consistent
• Policies should also be appropriate (for area and technology type, neither too high nor too low), flexible, enforceable, clear, simple, and transparent
• Includes boxes on: Brazil and ethanol, Germany and feed-in law, India and RE, Japan and PVs, California and public benefit funds and San Francisco solar bond initiative, policies for developing countries
• HOW WOULD PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN RE FIT HERE? DOES IT OVERCOME HURDLES MORE EFFECTIVELY THAN THE POLICIES DESCRIBED? DOES IT CREATE PROBLEMS OF ITS OWN? ALSO, IF RE DOES COST MORE, NEED TO ADDRESS THIS ADDITIONAL BURDEN ON POOR.
  

24 Sept 2007

Today:

• Requested ILLs for 2006 IEA Energy Policy overview and Germany documents, 2007 Renewables Information publication, and two books on RE policy
• Read and took handwritten notes on segments from Energy Policies of IEA countries 2005. R&D budget tables in appendix may be useful, but not sure exactly how yet. IEA is very much in favor of market-based mechanisms, but is nonetheless supportive of government funded R&D and FITs. Points to specific government's publications tracking effectiveness of various government RE programs. Cites Austria, UK, and Sweden in discussion of cap and trade. Discusses types of instruments used for CC abatement. Mentions preferential loans for RE infrastructure in Korea. Mentions grants in US for small businesses developing RE technology. Info on energy efficiency. Did not take extremely thorough notes; may have clearer idea of what I want to extract when 2006 version comes in.
• Began reading EIA document on comparative policy in U.S. and other countries - very useful in explaining what prompted development of RE in Germany, Denmark, etc.
• Realized that very few of the government programs and policies to promote RE have been public investment in the way that Bob is thinking about it. Recent development in China, India, Spain due to public I?
• Read article from American Prospect on political attractiveness of public investment/jobs program for renewables rather than market instruments that make energy more expensive.
• Looked at the PlaNYC website - plan for renewing infrastructure and creating cleaner environment in NYC through 2030. Costs?

Next time:

• Continue reading and take notes on EIA document
• Look at the Sawin article saved in the hard drive
• Think about what else we want to know about policies; and how to frame any report produced, in light of knowledge that RE has mostly not been promoted through direct public I so far

EIA's Policies to promote RE in US and selected countries

Policies to Promote Non-hydro Renewable Energy in the United States and Selected Countries, EIA, Feb 2005
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/non_hydro/nonhydro_toc.html

• V. useful comparison of trends in RE and policies in U.S., California, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Japan

• Nice graphs merging levels or shares of RE over time in each country and the national policies concerning it
• 25 Table with summary of countries' RE policies and comparison to U.S. policy
• Not sure exactly why Netherlands is included - relatively high proportion of RE cones from biomass, but report mostly discusses failure to implement wind goals
• Danish wind manufacturer Vestas (merged with NEG Micron in late 2003) is biggest in world
• 11 Germany: report credits strong government commitment to RE, feed-in law, demonstration/subsidy program with advancements in wind. 100,000 solar roof program in 2000.
• 14 Denmark: report credits government consistency in setting and meeting RE goals, investment subsidy for RE infrastructure from 1979-89; FIT at 70-85% of retail price, CO2 tax waived for RE, production credit per kWh in 1992; Danish Wind Turbine Guarantee guaranteed long-term financing of wind projects using Danish-made turbines. Also, subsidized replacement of loud turbines with newer ones to increase public acceptance. Laws passed in 1994 and 1996 made it easier for individuals to buy shares in wind cooperatives in their neighborhoods. Since 2000, has moved away from guaranteed pricing and toward tradeable green electricity certificates.
• 18 Netherlands: Investment subsidies for wind and another for turbines meeting noise requirements and sited in unpopulated areas. Reliance on voluntary agreements and multi-layered permitting process led to failure to meet stated wind goals. Ecotax system provides subsidy to producers of green power as well as tax on fossil fuels, making RE cheaper in comparison. Domestic demand exceeds supply, so Neth imports green electricity.
• 21 Japan: Success in PV attributed to gov't-provided net metering guidelines, 4600 MW of PV goal by 2010, installation subsidies, and 70000 solar roofs program.
• Discussion of U.S. and CA policies beginning on p. 6 and comparison throughout paper. PURPA required utilities to buy power from RE producers at utilities "avoided cost" which did not provide the same incentive as most FITs. 1978 Energy Tax act (extended to 1985 then 1988) provided 10% tax credit for investments in wind, solar, geothermal, ocean thermal incentivized bigger businesses that could take advantage of the full credit. Wind PTC must be renewed semiannually by Congress, does not provide enough stability. Complex structure of federal + local laws can be confusing.

PLANYC

New York City's plan to create a "greener, greater NY"
http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/home/home.shtml

10-point plan
1-3: more homes, better transit, closer parks
4-6: upgrade water and transport networks, update energy infrastructure
7-10: reduce CC emissions by 30%, cleanest air of any big U.S. city, clean contaminated land, open 90% of waterways for recreation

14 Energy Initiatives are part of the plan to update energy infrastructure. Many conservation-based, or based on reliability (not necessarily greenness) of infrastructure, but also mention clean distributed generation and expansion of gas infrastructure. Number 11 is "foster market for RE" and contains the following points:
• Create a property tax abatement for solar panel installations
• Study the cost-effectiveness of solar electricity when evaluated on a Real Time Pricing scenario
• Support the construction of the city's first carbon neutral building, primarily powered by solar electricity
• Increase use of solar energy in City buildings through creative financing
• Work with the State to eliminate barriers to increasing the use of solar energy in the city
• Pilot one or more technologies for producing energy from solid waste
• End methane emissions from sewage treatment plants and expand the productive use of digester gas
• Study the expansion of gas capture and energy production from existing landfills

Energy Section of PlaNYC report (18pp)
http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/downloads/pdf/report_energy.pdf

• 108 Energy efficiency initiatives with planned gov't support and payback time
• 111 Clean distributed generation involves conventional fuels, but lose less energy since transmission length is much shorter. Often used for CHP; and in some cases, district energy. Currently, long & difficult process to become approved for DG by ConEdison.
• 112 Lots of potential for solar energy, but due to tall buildings, installed costs for solar are 50% higher than Long Island
• 113 Explanation of tidal power - like wind turbines under the water.
• No mention of total anticipated costs. Relatively small part of program is devoted to implementation of RE. More energy efficiency and developing natural gas-based power, both central and DG.
• No mention of how many jobs it might add.
  

American Prospect article 2007 Pub Inv and RE

Global Warming in an Age of Energy Anxiety
Peter Teague and Jeff Navin
June 26, 2007
http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=global_warming_in_an_age_of_energy_anxiety

• Public very sensitive to potential changes in energy prices; will vote down measures that threaten to do this (or that big corps tell public will do this)
• Michael Bloomberg's PlaNYC - 30-yr policy blueprint to make NY "greener and greater," inspired by Apollo Project. "simultaneously addressing the need for housing, jobs, clean air, clean water, and public parks." calls both for new fees and regulations to cut greenhouse gas emissions and for a $5 billion investment in the city's new green economy.
• Global warming experts like U.C. Berkeley's Dan Kammen suggest that the current energy R&D budget, which is less than half what it was in 1979 (in real dollars), should be increased ten-fold, to roughly $30 billion annually.
• To the extent that public investment in innovation is mentioned (a survey of environmental web sites and public statements found little on the subject), it seems to be regarded as a hoped-for by-product of the regulatory scheme rather than its core intention.
• What's more likely to happen is what is happening. Regulation, or the promise of regulation, is sending billions of dollars in venture capital chasing short-term gains in the alternative energy field. This investment is as unlikely to produce the long-term technological breakthroughs we'll need as it is to result in the broadly-shared benefits that would drive the creation of sustainable political majorities.
• The kinds of large-scale, long-term investments that were instrumental in producing the Internet, the interstate highway system, and the biotech revolution came from government, and for a reason: Private capital won't stay in the game long enough, and the benefits of private investment are likely to be largely private.
• But it appears we have reached a point where the public is less sensitive to congressional spending than they are to regulations that will increase the cost of energy. Today energy costs seem to generate the kind of ire taxes did a decade ago. Based on this analysis, we believe that investment as a frame can help build support for comprehensive global warming legislation.

Gristmill response and more reader comments at
http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/6/29/1125/70814

• Some concern about public investment being used ineffeciently or for wrong things.
• R&D for RE highest during Carter admin; ended by Reagan

21 Sept 2007

Half day:

• Compiled sources for comparative policy paper
• Need to about how to organize (by country or by policy) and what information to go after. Should definitely get info on government expenditures on renewable energy.
  
• Seems to be SO many decentralized RE promotion policies in U.S. states. How to talk about them?
  
• Research very preliminary at this stage, but seems like there has been less direct public investment in RE than other types of policy and financial incentives.
• Downloaded a couple papers on how policy/gov't expenditure helps advance RE technology.

Next up:

• Look through IEA to see how much info is available on gov't expenditures
• Request documents through ILL
  

ILL Books

Renewable energy policy and politics – a handbook for decision-making. Edited by KARL MALLON London: Earthscan, 2006, 268 pp. £40.00 paperback ISBN 1 84407 126 X
Latest IEA Renewables Publication
Latest IEA Energy Policy Publication

RE Policy Sources

Renewable Energy Fact Sheets - EU Countries - Jan 2007 (URLs have following form)
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/factsheets/renewables/renewables_de_en.pdf

Best Practice Paper for Feed-in (2006 or 2007), 87 pp
http://www.feed-in-cooperation.org/images/files/best_practice_paper_final.pdf
Have notes in this on separate post

German Government Renewable Energy Documents in English
http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/36356/
**All the IEA publications available free online by searching for desired publication
http://miranda.sourceoecd.org/

**IEA Renewable Energy Policies and Measures DB
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/grindex.aspx

REN21's Renewable Global Status Report - 2006 Update
Wiki: http://gsr.ren21.net/index.php?title=Main_Page

EIA's page on Renewable Energy
http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html
Report on to promote non-hydro RE in U.S. and selected countries (Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Japan) 1970-2003
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/non_hydro/nonhydro_toc.html

DSIRE: Database of state and federal incentives for RE
http://www.erec-renewables.org/141.0.html

European Renewable Energy Council
National Policy - Overview of EU member states DO SOMETHING LIKE THIS WITH WRITEUP FOR EACH COUNTRY AND OVERVIEW SECTION?
http://www.erec-renewables.org/141.0.html

GAO 2005 Inventory of Major Federal Energy Programs (142 pp)
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05379.pdf

Renewable Energy Policy References - big list of links
http://www.martinot.info/policies.htm

Sawin 2004 paper on National Policy Instruments for RE promotion, saved to hard drive
http://www.ontario-sea.org/ARTs/SawinWorldWatchTBP03-policies.pdf

Searched Ebsco-Host's Environment Index for "Renewable Energy"

• See 9.21.07 email with links to citations/articles
• Looks like good article, but can't find this journal, electronic or otherwise: MARKET DIFFUSION OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY IN EUROPE: EXPLAINING FRONT-RUNNER AND LAGGARD POSITIONS. By: Eikeland, Per Ove; Sæverud, Ingvild Andreassen. Energy & Environment, Jan2007, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p13-36, 24p, 5 charts; (AN 24322741)
• Get from Science Library TJ809 .S66 Per - Much Ado about Germany? By: Morris, Craig. Solar Today, Jan/Feb2007, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p32-35, 4p, 3 graphs; (AN 23693636)
• ILL book: Renewable Energy Policy. By: Swezey, Blair G

ANN'S STUFF
Notes on Readings - Werboff Summer 2007

• Sweden's energy usage and plans for reducing oil consumption
• Canadian goals and policies for renewable fuels, home efficiency, public transport, green cars
• German goals/projections for total energy use and renewable use
• Overview of wind turbine use and projections in Europe, economic benefits of wind

EU Documents

• Renewable energy roadmap: Legally binding 20% by 2020. How to mainstream; policies needed.
• Renewable energy roadmap C/B analysis and feasibility study - 20% renewable energy by 2020 (would be 12.5% with BAU). Costs: expensive, but less so if oil and carbon tax prices rise. Determine that shares above 20% lead to costs higher than benefits

Renewable Energy Folder

• IEA (2007) paper on Renewables and energy security: should use this framing in addition to env benefits. Need policies to support use, and R&D
• **Meyer (2003) paper - Comparison of RE-promoting legislation in EU: FITs, tenders (requests for bids), certificates trading. Table of who is using what.
• **Palz (2006) 3-pager for WCRE website. Good narrative on how exports and market shares in some countries have grown or shrunk. List of possible policies. Who is producing what (PV, wind, solar heat). Technological outlook: theoretical efficiency for silicon cells lies at 26%; most efficient now are 20%. More important is 50% decrease in production costs. First wind turbines in Denmark were 20KW; avg in Germany today is 1.7MW.

Solar

• Survey showing support for solar, wind, nuclear among European countries
• **IEA - PV Power Systems (PVPS) report 2006. Info on technology and countries using PV. 4 pages per country; no aggregating tables.
• ** IEA - Trends in PV applications b/w 1992-2004 - selected OECD countries. Comparative tables for use trends, policies, prices
• European PV Industry Association (EPIA) 2006 Annual Report. Institutional information - not as useful.
• PV Policy Group - European Best Practice Report (2006). Assessment and comparison of 12 national PV policy frameworks. Conclusion: investors need secure conditions; administrative hassles should be minimized.

Wind

• **Table of MW of wind power installed in Europe by end of 2006 and in 2006
• FT (2007) article on Spain as wind energy leader

Energy Policies of IEA Countries, 2005 Review (500+ pages)

• Quite comprehensive overview of energy policy, good practices, market trends, energy market reform.
• Sections on climate change policies, energy efficiency, renewable energy.
• Country reports for Australia, Czech, Lux, Nor, Spain, Turkey, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Switz
• Appendices with energy policies of IEA countries, gov't energy R&D budgets
• 2006 edition came out in Dec 2006; 96 euros

Employment Effects

• **Employment effects of sustainable development policies (Singapore and Australia university professors 2005).

Country Studies

• Canada. Two Ontario gov't releases on $650 mil fund for creating jobs in green cars, clean fuels, clean technologies. Federal gov't docs on biofuels plan, tax credit for transit passes, home and business energy efficiency grants.
• Denmark. Tax on 4WD vehicles. 2-pager on renewable energy in Germany and Denmark (PhD student in Australia). Energy policy in Denmark,1990-2001 (source? parts cut off, sloppily written). Samsoe: renewable energy island & sustainable energy vision for Denmark - pp. 24-27 of an unidentified publication. Webpage info on Samso (wind-works.org 2006).
• Germany. Bioenergy (Federal Ministry for Env, Nature Cons, Nuclear Safety 2004). 2-page review of RE in 2006 from website (German Renewable Energy Federation 2007). German renewable energy law (Denmark's Folkecenter for Renewable Energy 2000). Energy market trend predictions to 2030 (German Ministry of Econ and Labor 2005 - have two different-looking copies of this). Shaping Europe's Economic Future (Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology 2007) - Plan for German presidency of EU - pp9-10 on secure, environmentally friendly energy supply for Europe.
• Ireland. Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland (Dept of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources 2007) - 5 strategic goals; comprehensive energy policy, some stuff on RE.
• Sweden. Sustainable transport system for 2050 (Energy Policy 2006). Gov't climate policy (Swed ministry of env 2007). PRogram to reduce energy consumption in steel industry (Swedish energy agency2006). Use of bioethanol (New Zealand newspaper article 2007). 5 graphs from IEA on trends in energy sources to 2004 (IEA 2006). Summary of a report on Sweden's preparedness for peak oil (Royal Swedish Academy of Ag and Forestry 2006). Sweden IEA 2004 Energy Policy review - 140 pages; nice narrative summary of Swedish energy policy. Making Sweden and Oil-free society (Commission on Oil Independence 2006). Critical editorial on why the commission fails to deliver oil independence (from Post Carbon blogs 2006)
• USA. IEA chapter on US energy policy and use - not sure what report or edition this is from

Daily Report

Today:

• Read Heidi's prospectus - not much info yet on public investment; some mention of WPA and new deal projects. She says little and contradictory research exists on employment and economic effects of public I.
• Installed under-desk tray
• Compiled "Comparative Study Ideas" spreadsheet for meeting with Bob
• Met with Bob: 1) Government support for renewables through policies, funding in "interesting" countries (maybe 6-7). 2) Look at cost trends and forecasts for RE technologies. Do problems with implementation have more to do with cost or technology? 3) If U.S. moved to renewables, how much scope for manufacturing them here?

Tomorrow:

• Begin researching 1-3 above.

R&D and RE Technolgoy

R&D funding and advances in renewable energy technology

NREL and DOE database of technologies
http://energyfiles.osti.gov/Renewables/search.html

17 Sept 2007

Today:

• Finished going through Ann's papers and taking brief notes in blog form.
• Took some more notes on ideas for comparative study. Could get unwieldy. Need to schedule time to talk to Bob soon to narrow focus.

Next time:

• Think more about what to put in comparative study, what information we currently have, and what I might need to go after.

Macro Model with K, L, E

Kummel et al 2002; Kummel et al 2000; Hinterberger et al 2002; Spangenberg et al 2002

14 Sept 2007

Half-day:

• Looked through Ann's notes and printouts - compiled notes on the papers and reports in a blog post.
• Began list of possibilities to propose to Bob for comparative study

Next time:

• Finish going through Ann's printouts
• Type up proposal of suggestions for comparative study
• Since Bob probably won't be able to meet with me for a while, identify where data for various proposed sections would come from.
• Read up on key countries: Germany, Denmark, Spain, Japan, India?

Idea - Jobs reduced when costs reduced?

Lots of talk of technological advancement in renewable energy and costs dropping in coming years. Will they still have employment advantage over conventional energy sources? Or is that important, given the job creationg they would spur now if implemented?

TPES vs. TFC

Total Primary Energy Supply: Energy Production + Imports - Exports - Stock Changes - Consumption by International Marine Bunkers
"Total Energy Consumption is the amount of primary energy from all sources (coal, nuclear, hydroelectric, etc.) used annually by a particular country or region. Consumption equals indigenous production plus imports minus exports, stock changes, and energy delivered to international marine bunkers. Energy losses from transportation, friction, heat, and other inefficiencies are included here. The original source material published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) refers to these values as Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES). To facilitate comparisons among different sources of energy, the heat content of all energy commodities is presented in metric tons of oil equivalent (toe), which measures the energy contained in a metric ton (1000 kg) of crude oil. One toe is equal to 107 kilocalories, 41.868 gigajoules, or 11,628 kilowatthours (kWh)."

Total Final Consumption: calculated as the sum of energy consumption by sectors

From http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/ene1_2005.pdf

Ann's Folders

Country Graphs

• Shares of gas, oil, coal, nuclear, renewables and wastes in TPES by country for 2004 (IEA pie chart with figures)
• Division of renewables into "solar, tide, wind, etc", hydro, combustible renewables, geothermal, and waste for 1971-2004, but no numbers, just graph with trends (IEA)
• Shares of gas, oil, coal, renewables by country for 2004 (by hydro, wind, biomass and renewable wastes) (IEA pie chart with figures)

Notes on Readings - Werboff Summer 2007

• Employment in wind manufacturing for European countries, Canada
• Predicted employment effects, mostly European countries
• Sweden's energy usage and plans for reducing oil consumption
• Canadian goals and policies for renewable fuels, home efficiency, public transport, green cars
• German goals/projections for total energy use and renewable use
• Overview of wind turbine use and projections in Europe, economic benefits of wind
• Tables and graphs for Sweden: Shares of TPES and of TFC for 1973-2010. Source?
• Tables and graphs of shares of TPES (mtoe) by country (OECD?) for 1973, 1979, 2003 - coal, oil, gas, nuclear, other. Source?

EU Documents

• Biomass action plan C/B analysis - increase in bioenergy from 69 mtoe in 2002 to 149 mtoe in 2010. Benefits: energy diversity, GHG reductions, 250-300k jobs. Cost: 2.1 - 16.6 billion euros/yr. On track?
• Renewable energy roadmap: Legally binding 20% by 2020. How to mainstream; policies needed.
• Renewable energy roadmap C/B analysis and feasibility study - 20% renewable energy by 2020 (would be 12.5% with BAU). Costs: expensive, but less so if oil and carbon tax prices rise. Determine that shares above 20% lead to costs higher than benefits.
• EU initiative on heating and cooling - comments from stakeholder meeting (n=175)

IEA - Technological Info

• 4-pagers on:
• biomass for CHP and power gen
• fuel cells
• nuclear power
• biofuel production
• hydrogen production and dist

Renewable Energy Folder

• IEA (2007) paper on Renewables and energy security: should use this framing in addition to env benefits. Need policies to support use, and R&D
• Abramsky (2006) paper - highlights politics of energy and transition to renewables; countries lacking energy access must be starting point
• **Meyer (2003) paper - Comparison of RE-promoting legislation in EU: FITs, tenders (requests for bids), certificates trading. Table of who is using what.
• Scheer (2006) 2-pager from Le Monde on post-fossil future
• Palz (2007) 2-pager from Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book. Overview of current state of RE for power gen, transport, heating and cooling. Outlook.
• **Palz (2006) 3-pager for WCRE website. Good narrative on how exports and market shares in some countries have grown or shrunk. List of possible policies. Who is producing what (PV, wind, solar heat). Technological outlook: theoretical efficiency for silicon cells lies at 26%; most efficient now are 20%. More important is 50% decrease in production costs. First wind turbines in Denmark were 20KW; avg in Germany today is 1.7MW.

Solar

• Survey showing support for solar, wind, nuclear among European countries
• **IEA - PV Power Systems (PVPS) report 2006. Info on technology and countries using PV. 4 pages per country; no aggregating tables.
• ** IEA - Trends in PV applications b/w 1992-2004 - selected OECD countries. Comparative tables for use trends, policies, prices
• European PV Industry Association (EPIA) 2006 Annual Report. Institutional information - not as useful.
• PV Policy Group - European Best Practice Report (2006). Assessment and comparison of 12 national PV policy frameworks. Conclusion: investors need secure conditions; administrative hassles should be minimized.
• **Palz (2005 or 2006?) - PV Roadmap for Europe through 2050. Persuasive 6-page proposal of expanding PV using existing technology as baseline.
• Menna et al (2006?) short paper describing EU's PV R&D and demonstration program

Wind

• **Table of MW of wind power installed in Europe by end of 2006 and in 2006
• Greenpeace and GWEC (2005) Report: Wind Force 12. Blueprint to make 12% of world's electric wind by 2020. Policy mechanisms. Market reform. Country reports (does not include Germany or Denmark)
• GWEC Press Release (2005) on wind energy expanding. Tables of total installed and new wind capacity in 2004 - top ten countries. Describes slow growth in U.S. between expiration and renewal of PTC.
• European Wind Energy Association papers: Target of 27000MW by 2010 (2003); Picture-filled pamphlet on benefits of wind (2006); Response to EC's paper on European Energy Strategy (2006)
• FT (2007) article on Spain as wind energy leader

IEA Energy Balances 2005

• **1960-2005: Shows total primary energy supply; total final consumption; distribution by industry, transport, and other sectors. Also, total energy production mtoe, net imports, TPES, TPES/GDP and TPES/Pop. Column for "geotherm, solar, etc" but not broken down further.

Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2004-2005

• Not as useful for RE purposes. For each country, describes where energy input comes from (domestic production, imports) and how it flows through economy (electricity plants, refineries) to end users (industry, transport, residential). Renewables listed are solid biomass, biogas, liquid biomass, waste/other.

Energy Policies of IEA Countries, 2005 Review (500+ pages)

• Quite comprehensive overview of energy policy, good practices, market trends, energy market reform.
• Sections on climate change policies, energy efficiency, renewable energy.
• Country reports for Australia, Czech, Lux, Nor, Spain, Turkey, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Switz
• Appendices with energy policies of IEA countries, gov't energy R&D budgets
• 2006 edition came out in Dec 2006; 96 euros

Apollo Jobs Report and Perryman Group Supplement

• Perryman group supplement doesn't say much more than Jobs report.
• Perryman group also has a methodology paper, but Heidi says not very helpful

Employment Effects

• Austria (2006 or 2007) - 4 scenarios by which the country can decouple resource use and economic growth, involving efficiency, decreased consumption, decreased working time. Uses e3.at model that integrates I-O with an energy and material model.
• Ethanol/Biofuels. Econ impact of ethanol facility built in 2003 in Iowa (IA State Univ 2005). Econ impact of potential ethanol production in TX (Texas A&M 2003). Econ impact of ethanol facilities in NE states (NE Reg Biomass Prog 2000). Econ effects of biofuel prod on states and rural communities (Journal of Ag and Applied Econ 2006). Econ impact of ethanol plant in Nebraska (NE Public Power District 2002). Employment impacts of EU biofuels policy scenarios - mandatory blending or fuel tax exemption equal to cost disadvantage of biofuels, using I-O model (European Commission 2007).
• Biomass. Econ impact of generating electricity from biomass in IA using REMI - finds no big macro effects, either because cofiring coal with 10% switchgrass is relatively small step, or because higher prices shift spending (Econ Dev Res Gp 1996). European Biomass Industry Association webpage on employment benefits of bio energy (2004).
• RE and Jobs. **Work that goes into renewable energy - survey-based (REPP 2001). Putting renewables to work - review and study (Kammen 2004). Meeting the targets and putting renewables to work (European Commission /date? - 2002?)
• RE and Jobs in Germany. **Employment effects of renewable energy in Germany (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety 2006). Employment efefcts of RE in Germany (Hillebrand, et al 2005) - finds increased CO2 in beginning from more/better paid workers traveling in cars. Decreased jobs eventually when prices of electricity rise.
• Solar. Job benefits of Expanding Investment in Solar Energy (Laitner, Zarsky, et al 1990s?). Benefits of PV in times of high unemployment (Centre for European Economic Research 1994).
• Wind. Wind Energy - The Facts, Volume 3: Chapter on Industry and Employment (European Wind Energy Association 2004). Econ Impact of Cape Wind off-shore RE (Global Insight 2003). Human resource needs in the Canadian Wind Energy Industry (Industry Canada 2005). Effect of wind energy dev't on state and local economies (Nat'l Wind Coordinating Committee 1997) - description of general effects. Econ impact of wind power in Eddy County, NM (author? date?). Econ impact of wind power in Franklin County, ME (Univ S. ME 2007).
  
• **Employment effects of sustainable development policies (Singapore and Australia university professors 2005).

Country Studies

• Canada. Two Ontario gov't releases on $650 mil fund for creating jobs in green cars, clean fuels, clean technologies. Federal gov't docs on biofuels plan, tax credit for transit passes, home and business energy efficiency grants.
• Denmark. Tax on 4WD vehicles. 2-pager on renewable energy in Germany and Denmark (PhD student in Australia). Energy policy in Denmark,1990-2001 (source? parts cut off, sloppily written). Samsoe: renewable energy island & sustainable energy vision for Denmark - pp. 24-27 of an unidentified publication. Webpage info on Samso (wind-works.org 2006).
• Germany. Bioenergy (Federal Ministry for Env, Nature Cons, Nuclear Safety 2004). 2-page review of RE in 2006 from website (German Renewable Energy Federation 2007). German renewable energy law (Denmark's Folkecenter for Renewable Energy 2000). Energy market trend predictions to 2030 (German Ministry of Econ and Labor 2005 - have two different-looking copies of this). Shaping Europe's Economic Future (Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology 2007) - Plan for German presidency of EU - pp9-10 on secure, environmentally friendly energy supply for Europe.
• Ireland. Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland (Dept of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources 2007) - 5 strategic goals; comprehensive energy policy, some stuff on RE.
• Sweden. Sustainable transport system for 2050 (Energy Policy 2006). Gov't climate policy (Swed ministry of env 2007). PRogram to reduce energy consumption in steel industry (Swedish energy agency2006). Use of bioethanol (New Zealand newspaper article 2007). 5 graphs from IEA on trends in energy sources to 2004 (IEA 2006). Summary of a report on Sweden's preparedness for peak oil (Royal Swedish Academy of Ag and Forestry 2006). Sweden IEA 2004 Energy Policy review - 140 pages; nice narrative summary of Swedish energy policy. Making Sweden and Oil-free society (Commission on Oil Independence 2006). Critical editorial on why the commission fails to deliver oil independence (from Post Carbon blogs 2006)
• USA. IEA chapter on US energy policy and use - not sure what report or edition this is from.

12 Sept 2007

Today:

• Compiled lists of potentially useful papers and books from Google Scholar and UMASS library - wide-ranging, used "Renewable Energy" as search term
• Read about how EU countries are doing in meeting RE targets, which vary widely from country to country based on how much RE they were already using. EU target is 20% RE in electricity by 2020.
• Looked at documents on Feed-in tariffs (FITs) and how different EU countries use them differently. FITs are used in 17 of EU countries; apparently this is a more common method of promoting RE than cap and trade systems. Advantage seems to be stability of prices, providing some assurance for investors.
• Useful documents: IEA Renewable Policies and Measures online database of policies. Not sure how up to date it is. Had Germany's 2004 FIT legislation listed, but not 2006. Also, look into purchasing IEA's Renewables Information Publication: one-stop shop for OECD country renewable utilization information, about $100.

Next up:

• Look through Ann's notes and documents.
• The idea of a "comparative study" seems overwhelming at this point - try to figure out exactly what sort of information would be useful. What to compile?
• Think about more economic studies that may fit in with this work.

Sources

Google Scholar search - "renewable energy" comparative - since 2007

Renewable energy sources: Their global potential for the first-half of the 21st century at a global level: An integrated approach. Energy Policy. April 2007.

• The risk of human-induced climate change and the volatility of world oil markets make non-fossil fuel options important. This paper investigates the potential for wind, solar-PV and biomass (WSB) to deliver energy. The focus is on land opportunities and constraints and on production costs as a function of resource availability and depletion and of innovation dynamics. The context is provided by the IPCC SRES scenarios as simulated with the IMAGE 2.2 model. We explicitly consider several sources of uncertainty, aspects of the food vs. energy trade-off and the effects of interaction between the three options through their claims on land. We show that ‘potential production’ concepts are strongly dependent on the chosen land-use scenario—and should therefore be used with an indication of the underlying assumptions. Our results indicate a potential for liquid biofuels in the order of 75–300 EJ year⁻¹ and for electricity from WSB options at production costs below 10 ¢ kWh⁻¹ of 200–300 PWh year⁻¹. Theoretically, future electricity demand can be amply met from WSB sources in most regions by 2050 below 10 ¢ kWh⁻¹, but major uncertainties are the degree to which land is actually available and the rate and extent at which specific investment costs can be reduced. In some regions, competition for land among the three WSB options may significantly reduce the total potential as estimated from simple addition—which is another source of uncertainty.

Fostering a renewable energy technology industry: An international comparison of wind industry policy support mechanisms. Energy Policy. March 2007.

• This article examines the importance of national and sub-national policies in supporting the development of successful global wind turbine manufacturing companies. We explore the motivations behind establishing a local wind power industry, and the paths that different countries have taken to develop indigenous large wind turbine manufacturing industries within their borders. This is done through a cross-country comparison of the policy support mechanisms that have been employed to directly and indirectly promote wind technology manufacturing in 12 countries. We find that in many instances there is a clear relationship between a manufacturer's success in its home country market and its eventual success in the global wind power market. Whether new wind turbine manufacturing entrants are able to succeed will likely depend in part on the utilization of their turbines in their own domestic market, which in turn will be influenced by the annual size and stability of that market. Consequently, policies that support a sizable, stable market for wind power, in conjunction with policies that specifically provide incentives for wind power technology to be manufactured locally, are most likely to result in the establishment of an internationally competitive wind industry.

Real options valuation of US federal renewable energy research, development, demonstration, and deployment. Energy Policy. Jan 2007.

• Benefits analysis of US Federal government research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RD³) programmes for renewable energy (RE) technology improvement typically employs a deterministic forecast of the cost and performance of renewable and non-renewable fuels. The benefits estimate for the programme derives from the difference between two forecasts, with and without the RD³ programme in place. Three deficiencies of this approach are that it ignores: (1) uncertainty in the cost of non-renewable energy (NRE); (2) the possibility of adjustment to the RD³ effort commensurate with the evolving state of the world; and (3) the underlying technical risk associated with RD³. In this paper, an intuitive approach to determining the option value of RE RD³ is developed. This approach seeks to tackle the first two deficiencies noted above by providing an estimate via a compound real option of an RE RD³ programme in a future with uncertain NRE costs. A binomial lattice reveals the economic intuition underlying the decision-making process, while a numerical example illustrates the option components embedded in a simplified representation of current US Federal RE RD

Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Renewables Portfolio Standards: A Comparative Analysis of State-Level Policy Impact Projections. Berkeley National Lab. January 2007.
http://www.mtpc.org/rebates/public_policy/DG/resources/2007-01-state-RPS-cost-ben-LBL-61580.pdf


If the Shoe FITs: Using Feed-in Tariffs to Meet U.S. Renewable Electricity Targets. Electricity Journal. May 2007.

• Experiences in Europe have demonstrated that well-designed FITs can drive rapid and dramatic growth in renewable electricity markets, promote strong manufacturing industries, and create thousands of new jobs in a cost-effective manner. If properly structured, FIT-inspired mechanisms in the U.S. have the potential to jumpstart rapid renewable energy market growth that could reshape the country's energy landscape.

American policy conflict in the greenhouse: Divergent trends in federal, regional, state, and local green energy and climate change policy. Energy Policy. Sept 2007.

• Climate change threatens significant impacts on global ecosystems and human populations. To address this challenge, industrialized nations have ratified the Kyoto Protocol and undertaken commitments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, the primary agents linked to anthropogenic alteration of earth's climate. By contrast, the US government, led by the Bush Administration, has rejected mandatory targets for curbing emissions under the Protocol, and has instead pursued voluntary mitigation measures amid a larger push for clean coal and “next generation” nuclear technologies. These actions in total have fueled global perceptions that the US is not acting in substantial ways to address climate change. Nevertheless, action within the US is indeed moving forward, with states, cities and regional partnerships filling the federal leadership vacuum. This paper reviews the diverse policies, strategies, and cooperative frameworks that have emerged at regional, state and local levels to guide climate protection, and identifies the environmental and economic benefits linked to such programs. The paper also attempts to explain the existing federal impasse on climate policy, with attention given to how sub-national efforts may ultimately obviate national governmental inaction.

The current situation of wind energy in Spain. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. April 2007.

• Successive international commitments relating to energy and climatic change (embodied in the Kyoto Protocol) and the need to rationalise the sources of generated energy, have meant that renewable energies have started to gain a great deal of importance within the worldwide energy network. In the case of Wind Energy, and in terms of production, Spain is the second most important country at European level and the third most important country at global level. Spain holds these positions as a result of the establishment of a stable regulatory framework, better understanding of the resource and improved technology that have afforded considerable cost reduction in terms of initial investment, maintenance and exploitation. This article focuses on these circumstances in view of their relevance at international level, which is due to the highly feasible possibility of exporting Spain's experiences to other countries with guarantees of success.

Google Scholar Search - "renewable energy" U.S. comparison - since 2007

Green electricity market development: Lessons from Europe and the US. Energy Policy. January 2007.

• This study compares the development and implementation of green electricity policies in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States, a set of countries applying a range of policy instruments to encourage electricity from renewable energy sources. A general tendency is identified that policies shift emphasis from R&D stimulation towards dissemination and market application of renewable energy technologies. We argue that in light of the long term nature of policy goals on energy security, mitigation of climate change, and environmental protection, the applied range of policy instruments may be lacking in providing incentives for the long term development of new technologies. Clarifying policy objectives would allow careful selection of policy instruments, including support for R&D. Improved capacity building for policy implementation is also important.

Google Scholar Search - "renewable energy" jobs - since 2007

Case study on wind in Spanish region of Navarre
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7148/full/4471046a.html

Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non-OECD economies. Energy Policy. July 2007.

• This article analyzes the effects of renewable energy on the technical efficiency of 45 economies during the 2001–2002 period through data envelopment analysis (DEA). In our DEA model, labor, capital stock, and energy consumption are the three inputs and real GDP is the single output. Increasing the use of renewable energy improves an economy's technical efficiency. Conversely, increasing the input of traditional energy decreases technical efficiency. Compared to non-OECD economies, OECD economies have higher technical efficiency and a higher share of geothermal, solar, tide, and wind fuels in renewable energy. However, non-OECD economies have a higher share of renewable energy in their total energy supply than OECD economies.

State-level benefits of energy efficiency. Energy Policy. July 2007.

• This paper describes benefits attributable to state-level energy efficiency programs. Nationwide, state-level energy efficiency programs have targeted all sectors of the economy and have employed a wide range of methods to promote energy efficiency. Standard residential and industrial programs typically identify between 20% and 30% energy savings in homes and plants, respectively. Over a 20-year period of time, an average state that aggressively pursues even a limited array of energy efficiency programs can potentially reduce total state energy use by as much as 20%. Well-designed energy efficiency programs can be expected to help overcome numerous barriers to the market penetration of energy efficient technologies and accelerate the market penetration of the technologies. Energy efficiency programs are cost-effective; typical benefit–cost ratios exceed 3:1 and are much higher when non-energy and macroeconomic benefits are included. Indeed, energy efficiency and associated programs and investments can create significant numbers of new jobs and enhance state tax revenues. Several states have incorporated energy efficiency into their economic development programs. It should also be noted that increasing amounts of venture capital are being invested in the energy sector in general and in specific technologies like solar power in particular.

Five Colleges library - keywords: "renewable energy"

Feed-in tariffs : accelerating the deployment of renewable energy / Miguel Mendonça. 2007. HD9502.A2 M46 2007

Alternative energy : political, economic, and social feasibility / Christopher A. Simon. 2007. HD9502.U52 S544 200

Renewable energy policy and politics [electronic resource] : a handbook for decision-making / edited by Karl Mallon. 2007. Online book.

Prospects for sustainable energy : a critical assessment / Edward S. Cassedy. 2007. SC Young Science Library. TJ808 .C37 2005
Contents: Solar energy sources -- Biomass energy -- Windpower -- Hydroelectric power -- Energy storage -- Geothermal energy -- Ocean energy -- Nuclear fusion -- Hydrogen fuel from renewable resources -- Summary assessment of the technologies -- Research and development.

Switching to renewable power [electronic resource] : a framework for the 21st century / edited by Volkmar Lauber. 2005. E-book.

Report on RE in electricity progress - Jan 2007

http://www.feed-in-cooperation.org/images/files/com_2006_progress_report_renewable_electricity_en.pdf

• EU aiming for 21% renewable electricity in 25 member states by 2010, now expects 19%
• Established in the EU renewables Directive 2001/77/EC, which sets out differentiated national targets
• In 2005, 15% electricity in EU was renewable
• Electricity consumption growing 2%/year in EU
• Progress due to a few active member states; share of renewables in some states declining
• 9 member states performing well, 11 failed to meet target
• Best performing (relative to goals, not in level terms) are Denmark, Germany, and Hungary. Next best: Finland, Ireland, Lux, Spain, sweden, Neth
• Hydropower produced 67% percent of renewable electricity in 2005
• 11 BWE (German Wind Energy Association) says exports account for 31900 of 63800 jobs in German wind power industry
• Sections on wind, biomass, PV, sm scale hydro, geothermal
• 15 PV Peak power per capita ratio of 25 EU member states: "rose from 2.5 Wp per inhabitant in 2004 up to 3.9 Wp per inhabitant in 2005. For comparison: Japan (128 million inhabitants) has an installed capacity of 8.9 Wp/inhabitant, while the USA (291 million inhabitants) has an installed capacity of 1.3 Wp/inhabitant."
• 16 What is classified as small scale hydro changes from country to country: Usually refers to plants with capacity of up to 10 MW. In China, plants under 50 MW.
• 18 The directive must be "transposed" by member countries into primary and sometimes secondary legislation. Commission has initiated infringement proceedings against 6 countries for not transposing, or not meeting other requirements of directive
• 21 Table of Countries, % RE in reference year (1997 or 2000), achieved penetration in 2004/05, normalized penetration 2004/05 (??), objective by 2010, and classification (double smiley face to double frowny face)

International Feed-in Cooperation

http://www.feed-in-cooperation.org/

3 member countries: Germany, Spain, Slovenia

• Information exchange for improvement of feed-in systems in member countries and education for other countries wanting to implement feed-in systems
• Documents from the three countries, including legislation
• EU Renewable Energy documents
• Paper on comparison of FITs in Germany and Spain
  

Best Practice Paper for Feed-in (2006 or 2007), 87 pp
http://www.feed-in-cooperation.org/images/files/best_practice_paper_final.pdf

• Legislation described in paper current through Sept 2006
• 11 Graphs with share of renewables by country
• 13 Graph with penetration in 1997 and 2004, and 2010 target by country
• 14 Two main schemes discussed in EU RES promotion, FIT and quotas combined with tradable permits
• 14 FITs used in 17 of 25 member states as main instrument to support gen of RES-E
• 15 Map showing who is using what
• 16 References various research projects that have shown feed-in systems best for promoting renewable energy at present
• 17 Features of FIT systems by country (e.g., purchase obligation, tariff degressions, etc.)
• 20 Notes that costs usually passed on to consumers
• 21 Table with countries, duration of FIT, and level range
• 22-26 Graphs showing level of support by country for specific RES technologies (wind, etc.)
• 22-50 Evaluation of various FIT features, including stepped tariffs, obligation to purchase, etc.
• 64-69 Burden sharing - protecting some high-electricity using companies to maintain competitiveness; some countries do this through electricity cost as share of value added
• 70-74 Discussion of who pays for connecting to grid and for expanding grid capacity; wind power generated variable, so some countries require forecasting of power produced
• 75-76 SUmmary of policy recommendations

German Government Renewable Energy Documents in English

German Government Renewable Energy Documents in English
http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/36356/

IEA - Renewables in Global Energy Supply - 2007

IEA - Renewables in Global Energy Supply - 2007
http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf

• 4 Renewables 13.1% of world TPES - Geothermal 0.414%, Solar 0.039%, Wind 0.064%, Tide 0.0004%
• 5 Avg Annual growth rates of renewables: 1971-2004. Wind is 48.1%, solar 28.1%
• 5 2004 regional shares in supply of combustible renewables, hydro, and "new" - OECD dominates latter
• 6 Renewables in electricity production: 17.9%, but hydro is 16.1%,
• 7 Cost comparison of small hydro, solar PV, concentrating solar, biomass, geothermal, wind
• 7 Need for renewables to become cost competitive; paper doesn't mention, but flip side is that less jobs would be created
• 8 Longevity of policy supports important; feed-in tariffs usually have 8 to 20 year time frame
• 8 Biomass district heating plants in Austria
• 8 Three gens of renewable energy: hydro, biomass, geothermal; solar PV, wind, solar heating and cooling; concentrating solar, ocean energy, hot dry rock geothermals, advances in nanotech
• **10&11 Share of renewables by country for 2004, including and excluding combustable renewables and waste BUT DOES NOT EXCLUDE HYDRO, 68 countries. Not sure how measurements are obtained (defns on p 25)
• 12 Share of renewables by world region for 2004, separates out combustables, hydro, and others.
• 13 Alternative policy scenarios to 2030: fossil fuels acct for 77% of primary energy demand and CO2 emissions 8 Gt higher than today. These and other alternative scenarios outlined in second half of paper.
• 15 Large-scale hydropower was 2nd largest electricity source 5 years ago, now 4th. Mentions that environmental and social concerns have curtailed growth.
• 24 Definitions of types of renewables
• 25 Renewables technology development; sorted by generation
• 25 World potential for geothermal power gen estminated at 85 GW over next 30 years
• 26 Every doubling of volume of PV produced prompted cost decrease of 20%
• 28 Concentrating solar power - useful in arid or semi-arid climates. "Parabolic trough" is favored technology - no idea what this means.
• Remaining few pages would not load

IEA Resources

International Energy Agency - Renewable Energy Page
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/subjectqueries/keyresult.asp?KEYWORD_ID=4116

IEA Renewables Information Publication - 2007 - USEFUL but expensive
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1108
Costs 64 euros for PDF
For 30 OECD countries in 2005, has
- Contribution of RE to total primary energy supply (TPES), aggregate and by RE source
- Contribution of RE to electricity, with and without hydro
- Has 8 pages of info on each country
Library has 2002 version with 2000 statistics: Science and Eng Lib, TJ808 .R47 2002

**IEA Renewable Energy Policies and Measures DB
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/grindex.aspx

• Does not detail sub-national actions
• Searchable by country, policy type (e.g., financial, public investment, RD&D), and Policy target (e.g., fossil fuels, solar, wind)
• Attempt to search just by country returned nothing; must check country box and type of policies you're looking for
• Each policy has its own page, with country, year implemented, current status, agency, enforcement, enforcement authority, related policies, policy supersedes, policy type, policy target, policy sector, description, and URL

Germany's Renewable Energy Sources (EEG) Act - 2004 revision
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=1969&action=detail

• There is a 2006 EEG, not listed in this DB
  
• 12.5% renewables in electricity supply by 2010; 20% by 2020
• Basically done through feed-in tariffs. Describes regulations in detail.
• Grid operators obligated to connect renewable energy installations and purchase and transmit all available electricity. Grid operators must pay fixed tariffs for RE feed in
• Differentiated tariffs: "For 2005, fees under the new EEG ranged from 5.39 euro cents/kWh for electricity from wind energy (basic payment) and 6.65 euro cents / kWh for electricity from hydropower, to 59.53 euro cents / kWh for solar electricity from small façade systems."
• Guaranteed payment period of 20 years, in principle. Digression of tariffs promotes technological developments and increases in efficiency.
• Relief for electricity-intensive companies, whose consumption is higher than 10 GW and ratio of electricity costs to TVA > 15%.
• Labeling: authorized bodies issue guarantee of origin, for consumer info/protection
• Some reporting in English can be found at http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/

Idea - Empirical Study

Empirical study of one of the models that predicts higher/lower employment (e.g. Hillebrand, et al) from increased use of renewable energy and see if actual data supports theory.

Idea - Comparative Study topics

Job description said this position would conduct "A comparative study of other countries that have made significant progress in moving away from fossil fuel consumption" and "A similar comparative study within the U.S. on a region-by-region basis."

What might a comparative study entail?

• Share, levels, and growth rates of renewable energy
• What types and amounts of renewable energy are being used, manufactured
• What policy incentives are in place; what is the uptake rate; expense
• How many jobs are created
• Is transition assistance in place in move away from conventional energy
• How have countries fared economically in transition to renewables

10 Sept 2007 - Background Reading

Today:

• Read first half of Renewable Global Status Report (REN21), 2006 update. Very useful overview of world activity in terms of renewable energy technologies used and policies.
• Read REPP 2001 report on Work and Renewable Energy. Looks at specifics of jobs required for renewable energy; largely based on surveys with 10-15 firms each in solar, wind, biomass industries. Discusses decline in labor costs as technology, scale increases. Discusses potential role for unions in training, since renewables discouraged due to lack of expertise in installation and maintenance.
• Read Kammen 2004 study. Reviews 13 studies (8 analytical and 5 I-O) on employment effects of renewable energy converstion, and does own analysis. All find more jobs with renewable energy. Discusses difference between peak and average power production; difference between long-term and temporary jobs provided. Provides suggested policies in appendix.

Met with Heidi to discuss future direction. Suggestions:

• Compile policy incentives for different countries/regions
• How are countries who have done more conversion to renewable energy faring economically? Maybe compare actual results to model predictions? Idea is to show that have not experienced decrease in growth.
• Look at how renewable energy conversion affects trade balances in countries that have done this more thoroughly. Difficulty: separating effect of renewable energy from all other things.
• Look at distributional impacts of transition to renewable energy in European countries; what it means for U.S.
• How do carbon taxes/quotas affect competitiveness of goods

Ideas:

• Compile spreadsheet of renewable energy promotion policies organized by country, policy initiative, expense (as fraction of budget), how financed. Has someone already done something like this?
• Learn more about feed-in tariffs
• District power
• Information on how incentives have shifted energy market in U.S. states with policies

REN21’s Renewable Global Status Report – 2006 Update

Wiki: http://gsr.ren21.net/index.php?title=Main_Page
Useful data source page: http://gsr.ren21.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_Data
Record investment in new renewable energy capacity occurred in 2005—$38 billion, up from $30 billion in 2004. Germany and China were the investment leaders, with about $7 billion each, followed by the United States, Spain, Japan, and India. Lots of statistics about level of different types of renewable energy production Biodiesel (not ethanol) production grew from 2.1 billion liters to 3.9 billion liters between 2004 and 2005 Has page of “Notes for Specific Countries”. Notes do not seem to be comprehensive, in terms of policy measures, and are not very conveniently laid out (narratives, not tables). Still, good starting place. Global Market Overview U.S. ethanol caught up with Brazil in 2005 Investment Flows An estimated $38 billion was invested in new renewable energy capacity worldwide in 2005, up from $30 billion in 2004.* (See Figure 9) Almost all the increase was due to increased investment in solar PV and wind power. Technology shares of the $38 billion annual investment were wind power (37 percent), solar PV (26 percent), solar hot water (11 percent), small hydropower (11 percent), biomass power and heat (7 percent), and geothermal power and heat (7 percent). An additional $15–20 billion was invested in large hydropower. Developing countries: The World Bank Group committed $150 million to renewables (excluding GEF funds and carbon finance) plus $420 million for large hydropower, both increases from 2004 Industry Trends Growth in renewable energy companies: By 2006, at least 85 publicly traded renewable energy companies worldwide (or renewable energy divisions of major companies) had a market capitalization greater than $40 million.*9 The number of companies in this category expanded significantly, from around 60 in 2005. Wind employment: By 2006, the global wind industry employed 235,000 people according to WWEA 2006, a substantial difference from the previous estimate of 40,000–70,000 in the Renewables 2005: Global Status Report. PV Plans, hampered by lack of silicon: The largest number of companies is in the solar PV industry, which is becoming one of the world’s fastest growing, most profitable industries. Global production increased from 1150 MW in 2004 to over 1700 MW in 2005. Japan was the leader in cell production (830 MW), followed by Europe (470 MW), China (200 MW), and the United States (150 MW). As in recent years, shortages of silicon continued to affect production. Capacity expansion plans by the solar PV industry for 2006–08 total at least several hundred megawatts and potentially two gigawatts.Policy Landscape
Policy targets for renewable energy - table of EU targets by 2010 and actual levels in 1997
49 countries have policy targets
31 U.S. states and Canadian provinces have policy targets; 22 have renewable portfolio standards

Power Generation Promotion Policies
Feed in laws place a legal obligation on utilities to purchase electricity from renewable energy installations at a set price (which may be diminishing), usually over a fixed period.
Countries revising feed-in laws in 2005 include Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Portugal.
6 states in India have FITs, 2 Canadian provinces (Ontario, PEI),
These new policies in Canada and India increased the numbers of states/provinces/countries worldwide with feed-in policies from 37 to 41.
U.S. has 30% solar PV and SHW tax credit, capped at $2000, until 2007
California solar initiative - $3.2 bil, 11 yr plan to install 3 GW of solar PV by 2017


Table 8, Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting RPS Policies (Unchanged from Renewables 2005 Global Status Report, Table 6)

Year	Cumulative Number	Countries/States/Provinces Added That Year
1997	1	Massachusetts (USA)
1998	3	Conneticut, Wisconsin (USA)
1999	7	Maine, New Jersey, Texas (USA);Italy
2001	12	Arizona, Hawaii, Nevada (USA);Flandres (Belgium); Australia
2002	16	California, New Mexico (USA); Wallonia (Belgium); United Kingdom
2003	20	Minnesota (USA); Japan; Sweden; Maharashtra (India)
2004	34	Colorado, Mryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island (USA); Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island (Canada);Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa (India); Poland; Thailand
2005	38	District of Columbia, Montana, Delaware (USA); Gujarat (India)

Begin with Solar Hot Water/Heating Promotion Policies next time...

Worldwatch 2000 Renewables

Energy alteratives and jobs section on p.40: Wind Wind created 15000 jobs in Germany in 1998, though only 1.2% of electric gen. Nuclear 33% but only 38000 jobs; coal 26% and 80000 jobs Numbers in this section somewhat outdated, but may be a good source of references 22 job-years of employment for every MW wind energy: Windforce 10, a study released in October 1999 by EWEA, Greenpeace, and the Forum for Energy and Development, contends that wind energy could meet 10 percent of the world’s electricity demand by 2020. The report assessed the number of jobs that might be generated under this scenario. This assumes that 17 job-years of employment are created for every megawatt of wind energy capacity manufactured and an additional five job-years for the installation of every megawatt, for a total of 22 job-years. Windforce 10 accounts for rising labor productivity, estimating that the per-megawatt job figures will gradually decrease to 15.5 by 2010 and 12.3 by 2020. 15-19 job-years: The European Commission, for example, noted in a 1997 report that, as a rough rule of thumb, 1 megawatt of wind power-generating capacity installed creates jobs for 15–19 people under present European market conditions, and perhaps double that in countries with lower labor productivity. 14 job-years: In a 1997 study, Greenpeace Germany estimated somewhat more conservatively that 14 jobs are created by manufacturing and installing 1 megawatt.74 Jobs created by maintenance: EWEA estimates that in Europe, between 100 and 450 people are employed per year for every terawatthour of electricity produced, depending on the age and type of turbine used. Solar 3800 jobs per $100 million in sales: The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) claims that 3,800 jobs are created for every $100 million in PV cell sales. 20000 direct ad 150000 indirect jobs: The U.S. solar industries directly employ nearly 20,000 people now and indirectly support more than 150,000 jobs in diverse areas such as glass and steel manufacturing, electrical and plumbing contracting, architecture and system design, and battery and electrical equipment manufacture. Efficiency The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), for example, has assessed the impact of a “high-efficiency scenario,” assuming cost-effective improvements throughout the U.S. economy between 1992 and 2010. These run the gamut from betterinsulated windows to more-efficient lighting to highly fuelefficient cars. According to this model, average annual investments of $46 billion yield a 20 percent reduction in energy consumption below a business-as-usual scenario and a 24 percent reduction in carbon emissions. The study estimates that almost 1.1 million net jobs could be created by 2010. Just 10 percent of these are direct jobs in efficiency and in supplier industries; the rest are created as consumers and businesses re-spend the money they save through avoided fuel costs on other goods and services that are more laborintensive than the fossil fuel industry.82 See table on p 47 for job impact of various climate policy changes Transportation Job impact of two transportation modal shift studies, in Germany and England. Labor-environment potential Outside the United States, worker participation in environmental and conservation measures at industrial facilities is commonplace. Unions and management at the German chemical company BASF reached agreement in 1993 that provides for substantial union involvement in environment-related questions. In Japan, employee participation routinely yields large savings of energy and materials.113 Transition: An appropriate policy package would entail setting up a transition fund to provide income and benefits for displaced workers seeking a new career, tuition support to pay for vocational and other training programs, career counseling and placement services, plus aid in relocating to find a new job. Tax and subsidy structure Shift taxes from labor to resource use and energy In the United States, the Economic Policy Institute (EPI) and the Center for a Sustainable Economy (CSE) published a study in April 2000 that assessed the effects on employment of imposing a $50 per ton carbon tax and cutting payroll taxes by an amount equal to the revenue gained. These tax shifts were to be accompanied by a package of measures to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Using an input-output model, the EPI-CSE study found that, by 2020, industries employing 91 percent of all U.S. workers would experience lower overall production costs as a result of such policies, with the remaining 9 percent—employed in energy-intensive branches—experiencing a rise in production costs. The “winner” industries would gain 260,000 jobs, whereas the “loser” industries, particularly coal mining, would shed some 55,000 jobs. The EPI-CSE study notes that providing a generous transition assistance package to workers losing their jobs would take less than 1 percent of the annual carbon tax revenues. It also points out that measures to help energy-intensive industries adjust and become more energy-efficient would reduce negative job impacts.121

Helby 1998 Renewable Energy Sweden

Helby (1998) Renewable Energy Projects in Sweden READ MORE: district heating; Looks like good report, though outdated. Sections on policy context, support for renewables (tax relief, investment support), prevailing schemes for ownership and finance Sweden has low energy use per person compared to OECD. Electricity mainly hydro and nuclear. Most emissions come from cars. Heating is efficient and buildings are well-insulated. When this report written (1998), decisions on whether to phase out nuclear had been made and overturned several times. Two alternatives: more natural gas or efficiency/renewables. Latter had more political support. Still, Sweden used to cheap surplus of power. More effort put into research than implementation of renewables, though country already uses a lot of hydro and biomass (including wood, industrial waste – see p.6) for heating and industrial apps. Government support: direct investment subsidies for renewables; support for group procurement to get better prices and build market; subsidies for new, retrofitted, and converted CHP plants based on biofuels; reduction for connection of boilers to district heating grids if reduce CO2; subsidies for stoves or furnaces to reduce use of electric heating; subsidy for small-scale hydro plants; small budget for wind subsidies; subsidies for solar ended in 1996; one bank offers soft loans to green investment by sm and med business, guaranteed by Euro Investment Fund; Taxes on emissions of CO2, Sox, Nox amt of energy (see table on p11) – different in different parts of country, industries partially exempt; no CO2 tax on electric power production, since fear that it would move abroad – but no advantage in this case for renewables that are CO2 free; end user tax on energy refunded to wind power producers; accelerated depreciation for wind turbines; subsidy in form of income tax on labor costs for home renewable energy installations; Sources of finance – mostly traditional: large utilities with high credit ratings can get low interest financing; private persons for home or business – alternative to other forms of savings such as bonds; private, unsecured loans from banks for household investments with higher interest rate than utilities get; Ownership and tax structures for household, small business,: Wind turbines often owned by real-estate communes, consumer co-ops, companies limited by shares – financed by savings and bank loans; Housing assn ownership of larger scale bioenergy and solar heating – financed by mortgage-backed loans; DID NOT READ ALL OF THIS SECTION, BUT INCLUDES USEFUL DETAIL ON COMMON OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF RENEWABLES AND TAXATION

REPP 2001 Work and Renewable Energy

Specifically, this study estimates the total hours required to manufacture, install and service wind power and solar photovoltaics (PV). For biomass co-firing, this study estimates the hours needed to collect, transport and process biomass to fuel a portion of a power plant primarily fueled by coal. The study is based upon extensive surveys of firms with U.S. operations. The co-firing study also includes literature review since commercial operations are still few. Table ES-1. Labor Requirements for Renewable Energy Technologies Technology; Model Project Scale; Person-Years per MW Solar PV; 2-kW systems; 35.5 Wind; 37.5 MW; 4.8 Biomass Co-Firing; 100-750 MW; 3.8-21.8 Anticipated trends: More mechanization and standardization will reduce labor requirements for PV in production and installation; wind too. Difficult to predict trends for biomass, though greater yields in crops could cut labor requirements for cutting and harvesting. 6 Says distributed power generation not likely in near future, since current infrastructure is central station, but will expand as novelty of small-scale, nearby generation transitions to conventional wisdom. Wind is, on avg, cheapest source of renewable power and capacity is increasing. Geothermal supply the most non-hydroelectric renewable power in U.S. today – 8% of CA electricity. Biomass co-firing involves using 5-15% biomass in replacement of coal in coal-fired power plants. Trends in domestic renewable energy markets: State clean energy funds State Mandates for specified amount of renewable energy Environmental regulations – future may limit CO2 and mercury Energy technology and market trends – wind getting cost competitive in some areas (northwest) Renewables can’t compete on cost, but can on environmental values, and reliability insofar as generation is distributed International trends: PV: Japan and Germany Wind: Denmark, Germany, Spain Current capacity for solar, biomass, geothermal from U.S. EIA. Wind info from American Wind Energy Association. Used surveys to estimate labor used: This study estimates the following jobs for wind and PV: n Manufacturing of all finished parts to be incorporated in power plant n Delivery of goods to power plant n Construction/installation of power plant, including project management n O&M of power plant for 10 years For biomass co-firing, this analysis looks at the following over 10 years: n Cultivation and collection of biomass fuel n Delivery of biomass to power plant n Manufacturing of biomass feeder system in power plant n O&M of power plant for 10 years NOT an I-O model – does not estimate jobs resulting from multiplier effect or jobs from manufacturing basic inputs 11 Detailed descriptions of the types of labor needed for each renewable energy technology. Surveys: 10 firms for PV construction, installation, transport, service: 35.5 person/years per MW 19 firms for wind manufacture, transport, install, service: 4.8 person/years per MW Wind power labor requirements may INCREASE in short term, according to USDOE and EPRI, due partially to larger wind turbines. Says will decrease after 2005 due to more standardization, reduced O&M needs, Biomass: wood waste, energy crops. Doesn’t specify how many surveys/interviews done, but relies on previously published studies as well. Transport requirements for biomass: The general economic rule is that a trucker should not travel more than 50 to 75 miles from the biomass source to the power plant, or else the biomass will become unduly expensive for power generation. This analysis assumes that two truck drivers can deliver eight vans with 25 tons of biomass each in a 10-hour shift. 19 EPRI and U.S. DOE assume an 83% linear increase in yields from 1997 to 2020. This trend should reduce the labor requirements for biomass collection, though the extent of the reduction is unclear Why coal mining is becoming less labor intensive: When compared to wind, PV and certain biomass co-firing scenarios, coal appears to employ more workers for O&M and fuel operations. However, an important component of this labor—coal mining—has drastically become less labor intensive. Coal mining firms have steadily reduced labor needs by shifting from unionized, labor intensive operations in the East to surface mining operations in the West, particularly in Wyoming. In the East, firms are also engaging in mountaintop removal— a form of surface mining—rather than traditional underground mining. Unions can help by: Providing training and certification programs for installers Marketing – skilled technicians more likely to promote, e.g., PV. Also, union-made label. Page of assumptions used in cost comparisons on p. 25.

Kuper 1996 Netherlands Energy Taxes

Double dividend hypothesis: Bovenberg and Van der Ploeg – higher pollution taxes would clean up enviro and boost employment Paper uses model to look at effect on employment of higher energy prices and lower nominal wages (as result of shift in taxes away from labor – BUT WHY DOES THIS LOWER NOMINAL WAGE?). Conclude that shifting taxes from labor toward energy reduces economic activity B and VdP find increased concern for the environment reduces employment Uses vintage approach to modeling economic growth – stock of capital built up from different vintages – newer=more efficient Would need to look at this more carefully to understand how assumptions and aspects of model affect results.

Kammen et al 2004 Jobs and Renewable Energy

Review of 13 studies – 8 analytical models (usually only calculate direct employment impact); 5 I-O models. Analytical models generally ignore these multiplier effects, and are more likely to under-report overall employment impacts. Opacity and specificity of IO models: Further, all of the studies model only one “idealized” scenario. This makes it is impossible to gauge the effects of alternative policy scenarios (short of actually getting hold of the model itself), or the impact of even slight deviations from the reported scenario. For example, in the WWF study1, while all states are net winners under the scenario they present, some states are projected to gain as few as 2,600 jobs (in North Dakota) by 2020 (despite being a state with a tremendous wind-energy resource). Transparency of analytical models: In comparison, the analytical models are much more transparent. The assumptions are clear, and it is possible for the reader to conduct sensitivity analyses (like changing the nature and types of policy support to see how impacts may change) on their results. Type of jobs: short-term (manufacturing) v. permanent (O&M): It is important to know therefore what type of jobs are being lost, and what type created, to determine what sorts of retraining and retooling programs one would need to make sure that jobs remain in the state. Difference between peak and average power production: 1 MW of installed coal capacity running 80% of the time produces 19.2 MWh in one day. 1 MW of installed PV capacity, with sun shining 5 hours a day, will produce 5 MWh in one day. This studies uses average daily production for comparison. Construction, manufacturing and installation: renewable generates more jobs per avg megawatt of power O&M: Not as clear. Less for wind (than coal, oil). More for PV systems, and for biomass depending on the way collection is organized Report uses 5 scenarios with different energy mixes by 2020. 1-3 get to 20% RPS (renewable portfolio standard) by 2020. 4 and 5 use fossil fuels. Jobs per $1 mil: The REPP study6 calculates that the solar PV industry generates 5.65 person-yrs of employment per million dollars in investment (over 10 years) and the wind energy industry generates 5.7 person-yrs of employment per million dollars in investment (over 10 years). In contrast, every million dollars invested in the coal industry generates only 3.96 person-yrs of employment, over the same time period. Production for export: The study by the Research and Policy Center of Environment California8 shows that for California alone, a renewable energy industry servicing the export market can generate up to 16 times more employment than an industry that only manufactures for domestic consumption (see Table 5). Of course, manufacturing for export means producing at an internationally competitive cost, which can be achieved all the easier if the domestic market creates sufficient demand to bring renewables rapidly down the cost curve. Regional study – Midwest: It is not just states suffering from high unemployment in manufacturing that stand to benefit. The Midwest, for instance, is particularly well suited for wind energy development, with the best wind power resources in the United States. According to Greenpeace-USA, North Dakota alone has enough wind power to produce 1.2 million gigawatt-hours of electricity each year9, which amounts to 32 percent of total U.S. electricity consumption in 2002. The Environmental Law and Policy Center estimates that a renewable energy portfolio standard of 22 percent can generate 36,800 jobs by 2020 in the ten mid-western states, of which over 52 percent will be in the wind energy industry. 14 Fossil fuel industries losing workers, not mainly due to environmental regulations. Still have huge env externalities. Mining companies released 48% of TRI reported emissions. Employment impacts of transition to renewable energy will vary by region, and of course, by sector. Transition assistance needed. Notes that two of three largest solar energy companies owned by BP and Shell – apparently thinks this is positive. Need for complementary policies. Uses Apollo Jobs report as example - For example, the Apollo Jobs study18 models a comprehensive scenario of policy and program support in which federal investment of $300 billion is made over 10 years in four categories: increasing energy diversity, investing in industries of the future, promoting high performance buildings, and rebuilding public infrastructure. In this scenario, supporting renewables alone is projected to create 459,189 jobs, while the total investment is projected to yield over 3.3 million jobs. 19 Table with summary of 13 studies reviewed. Who is conducting the studies? Few examples: Apollo Alliance (Perryman Group) WWF (Tellus and MRG Associates) ELPC (Regional Economics Applications Laboratory) Skip Laitner Several used IMPLAN (Impact Analysis for Planning) for I-O. European Commission (1999) “Meeting the targets and putting renewables to work” used something called the RIOT (renewables-enhanced input output tables) to calculate employment impact. 24 Outline of policy recommendations: - R&D funding - Tax incentives for companies to use renewables (extend existing tax credits for wind and closed loop biomass; expanded for geothermal, open-loop biomass, and landfill gas) - Higher CAFÉ stds (40mpg – what is it now?) - Renewable portfolio std of 20% by 2020 - Federal stds and credits to support small-scale energy gen and CHP: We support at least a 10 percent investment tax credit and seven-year depreciation period for renewable energy systems or combined heat and power systems with an overall efficiency of at least 60-70 percent depending on system size. - Efficiency standards for buildings, equipment, appliances - National public benefits fund financed by $0.002/kWh charge on all electricity sales Carbon Tax

Apollo Jobs Report

4 strategies: diversify energy sources, invest in renewable energy industries, energy-efficient buildings, investment in cities and communities
Figures: $300 billion investment (over 10 year), 3.3 mil jobs, $1.4 tril stimulation in GDP (Where are numbers from??),
Environmental benefits: reduce nat’l energy consumption by 16%.
10-point plan: hybrids, efficient factories, high performance building, efficient appliances, modernize electricity infrastructure, expand renewable energy, improve transport options, smart urban growth, hydrogen future, regulate energy diversity
Detailed plan sections on high performance building, investing in industries of the future, increasing energy diversity (sections on biofuels and hydrogen), investing in public infrastructure
P33: 5 Broad Benefits: reinvests in our economy, creates good jobs, benefits the environment, revitalizes inner cities, improves national security

Ann’s briefing from 7.30.07

European Wind Energy Association (2004): employment in the european wind industry
Employment from manufacturing, installation, maintenance of wind turbines in EU countries.Estimates of indirect employmentPredictions for employment in 2020.Among assumptions, includes 10% cost reduction for turbine costs with every doubling of installed capacity.
Industry Canada (2005 or 2006): wind power in canada Expect 5645 MW of installed capacity by 2012, with 13000 jobs. Breakdown of jobs by sector. Hillebrand et al (2006): effect on employment in germany using electricity produced with renewables (I read this article) Predicts both expansion of jobs as investment increases and contraction as production cost of power goes up (due to higher proportion of more expensive renewable energy?) 3484 “German government has supported renewable energies with compulsory feed-in compensation schemes (Einspeisevergu¨tungen): power from renewable energy sources can be fed into the grid and has to be bought up by the operating company at a fixed rate per kWh.” Until 2000, was based on avg retail price of electricity. After, depend on respective technology and size & location of generating facility. 3485 Authors believe that this scheme promotes inefficient technology 3488 Model shows that investment promotes jobs, but more jobs promote car buying and leisure travel, and CO2 emissions actually raised as a result 3491 Energy cost increases (renewable energy more expensive) cause energy-intensive industries to lose competitiveness -> production reductions. Hardship provisions protect very power intensive industries from full cost, but authors say these costs will be passed on to other industries. Predicts 23000 lost jobs (in man-years) by 2010. 3492 Upshot: Investment effect creates jobs, raises tax revenue, and actually increases CO2. Cost effect, however, destroys jobs, diminishes tax revenue, and decreases CO2. By 2010, there are 6000 fewer jobs than at beginning, budget shortfall, and no real decrease in CO2 emissions. German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2006): employment effects of expansion of renewable energy in germany Federal gov’t survey of 1000 companies to analyze impact of increased use of renewable energy. Assumes renewable energy mix becomes price competitive by 2020 (sooner if fossil fuel prices increase faster) This study finds positive gross and net employment effects. Gross: increase in 300,000 jobs (renewable energy sector) by 2020 and 330,000 jobs by 2030. Net is less (due to slowdown in other sectors due to rise in energy prices): 70,000 by 2020 and 80,000 by 2030. Predicts bigger employment effect if a surcharge for renewable energy implemented. Institute for Applied Ecology (2004): german bioenergy Bioenergy (what is the defn in this paper? Biomass?) provides more jobs per kWh than coal, oil, natural gas Bioenergy in 2010: 12.5% electricity, 4% primary energy. 2030: 16% of electricity, 10% heath, 12% fuel for cars. Employment effects: 75,000 jobs by 2010 (direct and indirect); 150,000 by 2020; 225,000 by 2030 Commission of the European Communities (2007): EU employment effects Euro Parliament set target of 25% renewable energies in total EU energy consumption by 2020 Breakdown of contributions by wind, biomass, PV, biofuels EU renewable energy sector employs 300,000 people; wind industry has 60% of global wind market German wind sector employs 60,000, half due to exports Commission of the European Communities (2005): EU employment effects Direct mployment effects of increased liquid biofuel and biomass for electricity and heat generation by 2010 (BAU and biomass action plan scenarios) mostly in rural regions of EU, since that’s where biomass production, processing, logistics, operations will occur 38 Biofuels 50-100 times as employment intensive in the EU as fossil fuel alternatives; biomass electricity 10-20 times as employment intensive; biomass heating twice as employment intensive Reviews other studies, some of which predict big employment effect from renewables and biomass in particular; others predict 0 net employment effect Commission of the European Communities (2007): EU employment effects Several models used to explore GDP and employment effects from increased renewable energy shares