Shum (2007) PV in Japan and U.S.

Kwok L. Shum and Chihiro Watanabe (2007). "Photovoltaic deployment strategy in Japan and the USA--an institutional appraisal," Energy Policy 35, 1186-1195.

• Asks why Japan has been roughly 3 times as successful (as of 2003) in PV deployment as U.S.
• Combination of awareness, price supports, prospect of selling electricity back to grid
• 90% of Japanese PV applications are grid-connected, compared to 30% in U.S.
• System cost (doesn't include module, but does include balancing costs and construction costs) has dropped rapidly in Japan, initially higher than U.S. but dropped below in 1994
• Authors think this has to do with Japan's "close" model of deployment (more standard) versus U.S.'s model of deployment (application-specific)
• Recommends highly vertically integrated PV companies (the "manufacturing" model) to facilitate learning and bring down costs.