European Wind Energy Association (2004): employment in the european wind industry
Employment from manufacturing, installation, maintenance of wind turbines in EU countries.Estimates of indirect employmentPredictions for employment in 2020.Among assumptions, includes 10% cost reduction for turbine costs with every doubling of installed capacity.
Industry Canada (2005 or 2006): wind power in canada Expect 5645 MW of installed capacity by 2012, with 13000 jobs. Breakdown of jobs by sector. Hillebrand et al (2006): effect on employment in germany using electricity produced with renewables (I read this article) Predicts both expansion of jobs as investment increases and contraction as production cost of power goes up (due to higher proportion of more expensive renewable energy?) 3484 “German government has supported renewable energies with compulsory feed-in compensation schemes (Einspeisevergu¨tungen): power from renewable energy sources can be fed into the grid and has to be bought up by the operating company at a fixed rate per kWh.” Until 2000, was based on avg retail price of electricity. After, depend on respective technology and size & location of generating facility. 3485 Authors believe that this scheme promotes inefficient technology 3488 Model shows that investment promotes jobs, but more jobs promote car buying and leisure travel, and CO2 emissions actually raised as a result 3491 Energy cost increases (renewable energy more expensive) cause energy-intensive industries to lose competitiveness -> production reductions. Hardship provisions protect very power intensive industries from full cost, but authors say these costs will be passed on to other industries. Predicts 23000 lost jobs (in man-years) by 2010. 3492 Upshot: Investment effect creates jobs, raises tax revenue, and actually increases CO2. Cost effect, however, destroys jobs, diminishes tax revenue, and decreases CO2. By 2010, there are 6000 fewer jobs than at beginning, budget shortfall, and no real decrease in CO2 emissions. German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2006): employment effects of expansion of renewable energy in germany Federal gov’t survey of 1000 companies to analyze impact of increased use of renewable energy. Assumes renewable energy mix becomes price competitive by 2020 (sooner if fossil fuel prices increase faster) This study finds positive gross and net employment effects. Gross: increase in 300,000 jobs (renewable energy sector) by 2020 and 330,000 jobs by 2030. Net is less (due to slowdown in other sectors due to rise in energy prices): 70,000 by 2020 and 80,000 by 2030. Predicts bigger employment effect if a surcharge for renewable energy implemented. Institute for Applied Ecology (2004): german bioenergy Bioenergy (what is the defn in this paper? Biomass?) provides more jobs per kWh than coal, oil, natural gas Bioenergy in 2010: 12.5% electricity, 4% primary energy. 2030: 16% of electricity, 10% heath, 12% fuel for cars. Employment effects: 75,000 jobs by 2010 (direct and indirect); 150,000 by 2020; 225,000 by 2030 Commission of the European Communities (2007): EU employment effects Euro Parliament set target of 25% renewable energies in total EU energy consumption by 2020 Breakdown of contributions by wind, biomass, PV, biofuels EU renewable energy sector employs 300,000 people; wind industry has 60% of global wind market German wind sector employs 60,000, half due to exports Commission of the European Communities (2005): EU employment effects Direct mployment effects of increased liquid biofuel and biomass for electricity and heat generation by 2010 (BAU and biomass action plan scenarios) mostly in rural regions of EU, since that’s where biomass production, processing, logistics, operations will occur 38 Biofuels 50-100 times as employment intensive in the EU as fossil fuel alternatives; biomass electricity 10-20 times as employment intensive; biomass heating twice as employment intensive Reviews other studies, some of which predict big employment effect from renewables and biomass in particular; others predict 0 net employment effect Commission of the European Communities (2007): EU employment effects Several models used to explore GDP and employment effects from increased renewable energy shares
No comments:
Post a Comment